Tuberkulosis Perinatal Bermanifestasi sebagai Tuberkulosis Milier dan Meningitis

Abstract

Tuberkulosis (TB) perinatal adalah kasus TB yang jarang dilaporkan karena manifestasi klinis tidak spesifik, serta terdapat permasalahan dalam pemeriksaan laboratorium dan radiologis sehingga tidak terdiagnosis. Istilah TB perinatal menjelaskan adanya infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis yang terjadi pada masa perinatal baik selama kehamilan, persalinan, maupun pascapersalinan dalam masa neonatus. Seorang bayi laki-laki usia tiga bulan dirujuk ke Emergensi Anak Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin dengan riwayat demam lama dan tidak mau menetek. Proses kelahiran tidak ada masalah. Pada pemeriksaan fisis ditemukan letargis, febris, takipnea, dan hepatosplenomegali. Pewarnaan Ziehl Neelsen aspirat lambung menunjukkan basil tahan asam positif. Uji kulit tuberkulin menunjukkan nonreaktif, foto toraks memperlihatkan gambaran milier, dan fungsi lumbal memberikan interpretasi TB meningitis. Berdasarkan penelusuran aktif sumber penularan TB serumah, ternyata ayah dan kakek bayi merupakan sumber penularan. Selain diberikan paduan oral antituberkulosis standar, juga diberikan antibiotik dan prednison. Dalam perjalanan penyakitnya, terjadi syok sepsis serta koagulasi intravaskular diseminata dan bayi meninggal. Dari kultur darah teridentifikasi Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Disimpulkan bahwa walaupun tidak terdapat permasalahan saat kelahiran bayi, diperlukan penelusuran aktif kemungkinan TB perinatal pada keluarga dengan sumber penularan TB positif. Diperlukan kewaspadaan terdapatnya TB pada wanita hamil di negara berkembang dengan jumlah kasus TB tinggi. [MKB. 2010;42(3):135-9].

Kata kunci: tuberkulosis perinatal

Perinatal Tuberculosis Presenting as Miliary Tuberculosis and Meningitis

Perinatal tuberculosis (TB) is rarely reported, because the clinical manifestations are not specific and there is a problem in its laboratory and radiology examination which caused undiagnosed. Perinatal TB is the preferred description that encompasses TB acquired either intra uterine, during or post delivery in early newborn period. A-3- month old baby was transferred to Pediatric Emergency Hasan Sadikin Hospital because of prolong fever and unable to breastfeed. There was no problem with delivery. Lethargic, fever, tachypnea, and hepatosphlenomegali were found on physical examination. Ziehl Neelsen smear of gastric lavage yielded positive acid fast bacilli. Tuberculine test was non reactive, chest x-ray showed a miliary pattern, and cerebral spinal fluid analysis gave tuberculous meningitis interpretation. By active finding, his father and grandfather were detected as a source of TB transmission. In additon to oral antituberculosis regimen, antibiotics and prednison were also given. Septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation were occurred during his illness and the baby died. Staphylococcus haemolyticus was identified from blood culture. In conclusion, although there were no problems during labor, active investigation of perinatal TB possibility is required on the family with a source of TB. Caution on TB in pregnant women is necessary at developing country with high rates of TB. [MKB. 2010;42(3):135-9].

Key words: Disseminated intravascular coagulation, miliary, meningitis, perinatal tuberculosis

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v42n3.25