Antibacterial Activity of Terminalia mantaly Stem Ethanol Extract as Hand Sanitizer Gel

Evi Sovia, Hernandi Sujono, Rinaldi Farizi, Sutrisno Sutrisno, Adilfi Risma Nurhadianti, Yenny Febriani Yun

Abstract


Background: Hand sanitizers generally contain alcohol. However, it can cause dry and irritated skin. Therefore, it is necessary to find antibacterial alternatives that are safe for the skin. One of the plants that has antibacterial activity is Terminalia mantaly (T. mantaly). This study aimed to investigate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel of T. mantaly.

Methods: The antibacterial activity test against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae) was carried out using the liquid micro dilution method. The phytochemical tests were also performed. This study was conducted at the Chemistry Laboratory, Faculty of Sains and Informatics, Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani in April-June 2022.

Results: The ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem contained secondary metabolites of alkaloids, tannins, quinones, saponins, steroids, and flavonoids. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes were 0.63%, 0.63%, 0.16%, and 0.16%, whereas the hand sanitizer gel gave MIC values of 0.63%; 0.31%; 0.16%; and 0.16% respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of T. mantaly stem ethanol extract and hand sanitizer gel had the same results, namely 2.50%, 0.16%, 1.25%, and 1.25%. The physical stability of the hand sanitizer gel from the ethanol extract of T. mantaly stem met the physical stability standards of the gel.

Conclusions: The ethanol extract of the T. mantaly stems has stronger antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria than against gram- negative bacteria.       


Keywords


Antibacterial, hand sanitizer gel, secondary metabolites, Terminalia mantaly

Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. Kumar SV, Damodar G, Ravikanth S, Vijayakumar G. An overview on infectious disease. Indian J Pharm Sci Res. 2012;2(2):63–74.
  2. Jing JLJ, Yi TP, Bose RJC, McCarthy JR, Tharmalingam N, Madheswaran T. Hand sanitizers: A review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, and regulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):1–17.
  3. Zhang XR, Kaunda JS, Zhu HT, Wang D, Yang CR, Zhang YJ. The Genus Terminalia (Combretaceae): an ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and pharmacological review. Nat Prod Bioprospect. 2019;9(6): 357–92.
  4. Marjenah M, Ariyanto A. Suitability of some species for intercropped with tropical almond (Terminalia catappa Linn) on some land system in east Kalimantan and its prospects as plantation forest. J Penelit Ekosist Dipterokarpa. 2018;4(2):57–70.
  5. Majoumouo MS, Sibuyi NRS, Tincho MB, Mbekou M, Boyom FF, Meyer M. Enhanced anti-bacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles synthesized from Terminalia mantaly extracts. Int J Nanomedicine. 2019;14:9031–46.
  6. Jiatsa Mbouna CD, Tchatat Tali BM, Tsouh Fokou PV, Madiesse Kemgne EA, Keumoe R, Toghueo Kouipou RM, et al. Specific sub fractions from Terminalia mantaly (H. Perrier) extracts potently inhibit Plasmodium falciparum rings, merozoite egress and invasion. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;285:114909.
  7. Ngouana T, Mbouna C, Kuipou R, Tchuenmogne M, Zeuko’o E, Ngouana V, et al. Potent and synergistic extract combinations from Terminalia Catappa, Terminalia Mantaly and Monodora tenuifolia Against Pathogenic Yeasts. Medicines. 2015;2(3):220–35.
  8. Dlama TT, Oluwagbemileke AS, Monday D. Comparative study of the quantitative phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of five tree species. Eur J Adv Res Biol Life Sci. 2016;4(1):29–38.
  9. Kokora AP, Ackah JAAB, Nanga ZY, Kra MAK, Loukou GY, Coulibaly A, et al. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of four medicinal plants on the in vitro growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. J Drug Deliv Ther. 2013;3(3):113–6.
  10. Abou O, Elisée KK, Vénérer MS, Bi S, Ibrahim K. Study of the antibacterial activity of bark extracts from Terminalia mantaly (Combretaceae ) on the in vitro growth of eight (8) clinical enterobacteria strains. J Medicianal Plants Stud. 2018;6(2):101–5.
  11. Manaye G, Muleta D, Henok A, Asres A, Mamo Y, Feyissa D, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of alcohol-based hand sanitizers sold in southwest ethiopia. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:547–54.
  12. Golin AP, Choi D, Ghahary A. Hand sanitizers: A review of ingredients, mechanisms of action, modes of delivery, and efficacy against coronaviruses. Am J Infect Control. 2020;48:1062–7.
  13. Sugihartini N, Wiradhika RY. Gel formulation of ethanol extract of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana L.) as a medication for burns in Wistar Rats. JKKI. 2017;8(2):110–7.
  14. Ansel HC. Pengantar bentuk sediaan farmasi. 4th Ed. Jakarta: UI Press; 2011.
  15. Tiwari, P., Kumar, B., Kaur, M., Kaur, G., Kaur H. Phytochemical screening and extraction: A Review. Int Pharm Sci. 2011;1(1):98–106.
  16. Balouiri M, Sadiki M, Ibnsouda SK. Methods for in vitro evaluating antimicrobial activity: A review. J Pharm Anal. 2016;6(2):71–9.
  17. Chikezie IO. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using a novel dilution tube method. African J Microbiol Res. 2017;11(23):977–80.
  18. Venkateswarulu TC, Srirama K, Mikkili I, Nazneen Bobby M, Dulla JB, Alugunulla VN, et al. Estimation of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of antimicrobial peptides of Saccharomyces boulardii against selected pathogenic strains. Karbala Int J Mod Sci. 2019;5(4):266–9.
  19. Febriani A, Maruya I, Sulistyaningsih F. Formulasi dan uji iritasi sediaan gel kombinasi ekstrak etanol rimpang kencur (Kaempferia galanga L.) dan ekstrak etanol herba pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban). Sainstech Farma. 2020;13(1):45–54.
  20. Fahmy N, Al-Sayed E, Singab A. Genus Terminalia: A phytochemical and Biological Review. Med Aromat Plants. 2015;04(05): 1–21.
  21. Tchuente Tchuenmogne M, Kammalac T, Gohlke S, Kouipou R, Aslan A, Kuzu M, et al. Compounds from Terminalia mantaly L. (Combretaceae) stem bark exhibit potent inhibition against some pathogenic yeasts and enzymes of metabolic significance. Medicines. 2017;4(6):1–12.
  22. Samuel B, Adekunle YA. Isolation and structure elucidation of anti-malarial principles from Terminalia mantaly H. Perrier stem bark. Int J Biol Chem Sci. 2021;15(1):282–92.
  23. Mbouna CDJ, Kouipou RMT, Keumoe R, Tchokouaha LRY, Fokou PVT, Tali BMT, et al. Potent antiplasmodial extracts and fractions from Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia superba. Malar J. 2018;17(1):1–9.
  24. Brigitte OM, Bationo JH, Somda M, Ouattara A, Kiendrebeogo M, Nacoulma OG. Evaluation of acute toxicity, antioxidant and antibacterial potentials of leaves from two Combretaceae, Combretum micranthum G. Don. and Terminalia mantaly H. Perr. Middle-East J Sci Res. 2018;26(5):478–82.
  25. Jawetz E, Melnick J, Adelberg E. Mikrobiologi Kedokteran. 27th Ed. 2017.
  26. Bowen AC, Tong SYC, Chatfield MD, Carapetis JR. The microbiology of impetigo in indigenous children: associations between Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, scabies, and nasal carriage. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:727.
  27. Aminshahidi M, Arastehfar A, Pouladfar G, Arman E, Fani F. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli and Shigella with High Rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production: two predominant etiological agents of acute diarrhea in Shiraz, Iran. Microb Drug Resist. 2017;23(8):1037–44.
  28. Ikuta KS, Swetschinski LR, Robles Aguilar G, Sharara F, Mestrovic T, Gray AP, et al. Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2022;400(10369):2221–48.
  29. Mai-Prochnow A, Clauson M, Hong J, Murphy AB. Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria differ in their sensitivity to cold plasma. Sci Rep 2016;6: srep38610
  30. Garg A, Aggarwal D, Garg S, Singla AK. Spreading of semisolid formulations: an update. Pharmaceutical Technology. 2002;26(9):84–105.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v10n4.2941

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 411 times
PDF - 151 times


 This Journal indexed by

                  

          

 

Creative Commons License
AMJ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

 


View My Stats