Biofilm Formation in Reverse Osmosis Water at Hemodialysis Units in Two Hospitals Bandung
Abstract
Background: Bacteria in aquatic environments do not usually live as a single free-swimming microscopic cell, but rather as communities of microorganisms that are attached to a surface in the form of biofilm. Biofilm is a major cause of concern to the medical world, as it protects the bacteria from a harsh environment, the host immune system, antimicrobial therapy, and even disinfectant. The aim of this study was to determine which genus or species of bacteria in reverse osmosis (RO) water was able to form a biofilm.
Methods: Water samples were taken from RO water of water treatment in hemodialysis (HD) centers at two hospitals in Bandung; at each point of the water treatment plant, bacteria were cultured. Any growth of bacteria was tested with a tube method to determine the formation of biofilm.
Results: Micrococcus luteus, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas sp., Serratia sp., Acinetobacter sp. were able to form biofilm while Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus saprophyticus were not.
Conclusions: Most bacteria isolated from RO water can form a biofilm, and a few are not. This study is successfully to check the possibility of biofilm formation of RO water, therefore, disinfecting RO water regularly is important and highly encouraged.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Glorieux G, Neirynck N, Veys N, Vanholder R. Dialysis water and fluid purity: more than endotoxin. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2012;27(11):4010–21.
Petri WA Jr., Mann BJ, Huston CD. Microbial adherence. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2010. p. 22.
Bridier A, Briandet R, Thomas V, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Resistance of bacterial biofilms to disinfectants: a review. Biofouling. 2011;27(9):1017–32.
Espinal P, Martí S, Vila J. Effect of biofilm formation on the survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2012;80(1):56–60.
Flemming HC, Wingender J. The biofilm matrix. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(9):623–33.
de Kievit TR. Quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Environ Microbiol. 2009;11(2):279–88.
Morohoshi T, Shiono T, Takidouchi K, Kato M, Kato N, Kato J, et al. Inhibition of Quorum sensing in Serratia marcescens AS-1 by synthetic analogs of N-Acylhomoserine lactone. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(20):6339–44.
Carrero JJ, Avesani CM, Mahmut IY, Bengt L, Stenvinkel P. Low-grade persistent inflammation and immune dysfunction in Uremia. In: Henrich WL, editor. Principles and practice of dialysis. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2009. p. 385.
Hirshfield IN, Barua S, Basu P. Overview of biofilms and some key methods for their study. In: Goldman E, Green LH, editors. Practical handbook of microbiology. 2nd ed. Florida: Taylor & Francis; 2008. p. 679.
Oliveira A, Cunha MdL. Comparison of methods for the detection of biofilm production in coagulase-negative staphylococci. BMC Res Notes. 2010;3(1):260.
Ira P, Sujatha S, Chandra PS. Virulence factors in clinical and commensal isolates of Enterococcus species. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2013;56(1):24–30.
Newman JA, Rodrigues C, Lewis RJ. Molecular basis of the activity of SinR, the master regulator of biofilm formation in Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(15):10766–78.
Matsuura K, Asano Y, Yamada A, Naruse K. Detection of Micrococcus Luteus biofilm formation in microfluidic environments by pH measurement using an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor. Sensors (Basel). 2013;13(2):2484–93.
Bai X, Wu F, Zhou B, Zhi X. Biofilm bacterial communities and abundance in a full-scale drinking water distribution system in Shanghai. J Water Health. 2010;8(3):593–600.
Prieto C, Serra DO, Martina P, Jacobs M, Bosch A, Yantorno OM. Evaluation of biofilm-forming capacity of Moraxella bovis, the primary causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis. Vet Microbiol. 2013;166(3–4):504–15.
Fey PD, Olson ME. Current concepts in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Future Microbiol. 2010;5(6):917–33.
Sun YC, Koumoutsi A, Darby C. The response regulator PhoP negatively regulates Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Yersinia pestis biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2009;290(1):85–90.
National Center for Biotechnology Information. Biofilm formation regulatory protein BssR [Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190]. Maryland: National Center For Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine; 2014. [cited 2014 November 22] Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/10793176.
Maldonado NC, de Ruiz CS, Cecilia M, Nader-Macias ME. A simple technique to detect Klebsiella biofilm-forming-strains. Inhibitory potential of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL 1058 whole cells and products. Commun Curr Res Educ Top Trends Appl Microbiol. 2007;1:52–9.
Gundogan N, Ataol O. Biofilm, protease and lipase properties and antibiotic resistance profiles of staphylococci isolated from various foods. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2013;7(28):3582–8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v6n3.1686
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 621 timesPDF - 355 times
This Journal indexed by
AMJ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
View My Stats