Environmental Factor Contributed to The Onset of Schizophrenia
Abstract
Background: Schizophrenia is a severe and chronic mental disorder that needs a long term treatment and social support. This condition may results in burden and disturbance in the family and society A number of studies have investigated some environmental factors that may potentially lead to schizophrenia. One of many suspected environmental factors is place of born or grew up. This study was conducted to investigate association between place of born or grew up and age of onset of schizophrenia.
Methods: This analytical study using cross-sectional method was conducted by retrieving data from 72 medical records of hospitalized schizophrenic patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital from October‒November 2013. The variables in this study were age of onset and place (urban or rural) where the patients born or grew-up.The collected data were analyzed using Chi-Square statistical test.
Results: This study discovered that 75% of subjects were born or grew up in urban area, 68% of subjects had age of onset at 20‒40 years and there was no association between place of born or grew up and age of onset of schizophrenia (p-value was 0.108).
Conclusions: More than half subjects were born and grew up in urban, who had age of onset of schizophrenia at 20‒40 years and there is no significant association between place of born or grew up and age of onset of schizophrenia.
DOI: 10.15850/amj.v4n2.1080
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Sapiie TWA. Hubungan reseptor serotonin 5-HT2a trombosit dengan gejala negatif pasien skizofrenia yang mendapat pengobatan kombinasi antipsikotik antagonis D2 dan antidepresan antagonis 5-HT2A [dissertation]. Bandung: Universitas Padjadjaran; 2003.
Ascher-Svanum H, Zhu B, Faries DE, Salkever D, Slade EP, Peng X, et al. The cost of relapse and the predictors of relapse in the treatment of schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2010;10:2.
Clemmensen L, Vernal DL, Steinhausen H-C. A systematic review of the long-term outcome of early onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:150.
Haynes VS, Zhu B, Stauffer VL, Kinon BJ, Stensland MD, Xu L, et al. Long-term healthcare costs and functional outcomes associated with lack of remission in schizophrenia: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective observational study. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:222.
Kurihara T, Kato M, Reverger R, Tirta IG. Remission in schizophrenia: a community-based 6-year follow-up study in Bali. Psychiatry Clinical Neurosci. 2011;65(5):476‒82.
Brown AS, Bresnahan M, Susser ES. Schizophrenia: environmental epidemiology. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, editors. Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 8th ed. Philadelpia: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 1371‒5.
Murray RM, Bramon E. Developmental model of schizophrenia. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA, editors. Kaplan & Sadock’s comprehensive textbook of psychiatry. 8th ed. Philadelpia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. p. 1381‒93.
Dean K, Murray RM. Environmental risk factors for psychosis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2005;7(1):69‒80.
Leask SJ. Environmental influences in schizophrenia: The known and the unknown. Adv Psychiatr Treat. 2004;10(5):323‒30.
McGrath J, Saha S, Chant D, Welham J. Schizophrenia: a concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30:67‒76.
Vassos E, Pedersen CB, Murray RM, Collier DA, Lewis CM. Meta-analysis of the association of urbanicity with schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2012;38(6):1118‒23.
Pedersen CB, Mortesen PB. Evidence of a dose-response relationship between urbanicity during upbringing and schizophrenia risk. Archiv Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(11):1039‒46.
DeLisi LE. The significance of age of onset for schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 1992;18(2):209‒15.
Krabbendam L, Os Jv. Schizophrenia and urbanicity: A major environmental influence-conditional on genetic risk. Schizophr Bull. 2005;31(4):795‒9.
Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar‐Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Current opinion in psychiatry. 2007;20(4):359‒64.
McGrath JJ, Murray RM. Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia. In: Weinberger DR, Harrison P, editors. Schizophrenia. 3th ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
Zammit S, Lewis G, Rasbash J, Dalman C, Gustafsson J-E, Allebeck P. Individuals, schools, and neighborhood: A multilevel longitudinal study of variation in incidence of psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(9):914‒22.
March D, Hatch SL, Morgan C, Kirkbride JB, Bresnahan M, Fearon P, et al. Psychosis and Place. Epidemiol Rev. 2008;30(1):84‒100.
Allardyce J, Boydell J. Environment and schizophrenia: Review: The wider social environment and schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull. 2006;32(4):592‒8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v4n2.1080
Article Metrics
Abstract view : 558 timesPDF - 410 times
This Journal indexed by
AMJ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
View My Stats