Nephroprotective Effects of Sunkist Peel Ethanol Extract on Diabetic Nephropathy

Maya Sari Mutia, Chrismis Novalinda Ginting, OK Yulizal, Suhartomi Suhartomi, Widya Yanti Sihotang

Abstract


The most common long-term diabetic complication is diabetic nephropathy which, in most cases, falls into the End-Stage Kidney Disease. Numerous studies on the nephroprotective effects of citrus fruit have been conducted recently. This study was performed to investigate the phytochemical properties of Sunkist peel ethanol extract and their possible effects on improving diabetic nephropathy. To get the extract, the Sunkist peels were macerated and the extract was analyzed by GC-MS. An in vivo assay of five different groups of 25 male Wistar rats was then performed using the extracts. The groups included control, standard, 500 mg/kg extract, 750 mg/kg extract, and 1,500 mg/kg BW extract. All rats were sacrificed after 28 days of treatment and VEGF level serum and kidney histology analysis were performed. The VEGF data were first analyzed descriptively, followed by one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test based on the data distribution. Meanwhile, the kidney histology was observed and narratively described. Results showed that the Sunkist peel ethanol extract has a potential effect to suppress the VEGF level (p-value < 0.05). The extract at the highest dose revealed the mildest pathology damage in the form of tubular structure degeneration without any glomerular damage. This study indicates that Sunkist peel extract has nephroprotective effects from its various phytochemical compounds that work as antioxidants and anti-inflammation.


Keywords


Diabetic, nephropathy, Sunkist peel, vascular endothelial growth factor

Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, et al. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957–80. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
  2. Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;157:107843. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2019.107843
  3. Syafril S. Pathophysiology diabetic foot ulcer. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2018;125(1):012161. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/125/1/012161
  4. Selby NM, Taal MW. An updated overview of diabetic nephropathy: diagnosis, prognosis, treatment goals and latest guidelines. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2020;22(S1):3–15. doi:10.1111/dom.14007
  5. Sagoo MK, Gnudi L. Diabetic nephropathy: an overview. Diabet Nephrop Methods Protoc. Published online 2020:3-7.
  6. Suhartomi, Gulo KN, Saragih AD, Martinus AR, Ikhtiari R. Antioxidant properties of sweet orange peels in several fractions of methanolic extract. ICHIMAT. Scitepress Digital Library; 2020:371–78. doi:10.5220/0009515503710378
  7. Depari SAF, Rambe DJA, Meilando R, Lisya C, Mutia MS, Lubis YEP. Uji efektivitas ekstrak etanol kulit jeruk sunkist (citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) terhadap kadar gula darah tikus wistar (rattus norvegicus) dengan hiperkolesterolemiai yang diinduksi Streptozotocin. Biospecies. 2021;14(1):1–9.
  8. Mutia MS, Chiuman L. Hepatoprotective Effect of citrus sinensis (L.) osbeck ethanol extract in paracetamol-induced rats. Maj Kedokt Bandung. 2019;51(4):189–93. doi:10.15395/mkb.v51n4.1794
  9. Sari M, Ginting CN, Yulizal O. Sunkist peel ethanol extract ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic wistar rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2021;9(A):1086–91. doi:10.3889/oamjms.2021.7362
  10. Sabina E, Zaidul ISM, Ghafoor K, Jaffri JM, Sahena F, Babiker EE, et al. Screening of Various Parts of Phaleria macrocarpa Plant for α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity. J Food Biochem. 2016;40(2):201–10. doi:10.1111/jfbc.12212
  11. Bayir MH, Yıldızhan K, Altındağ F. Effect of hesperidin on sciatic nerve damage in stz-induced diabetic neuropathy: modulation of TRPM2 channel. Neurotox Res. 2023;41(6):638–47. doi:10.1007/s12640-023-00657-0
  12. Wardana AP, Tukiran. Skrining fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak kloroform tumbuhan gowok (syzygium polycephalum). Pros Semin Nas Kim dan Pembelajarannya. 2016;(September):1-6.
  13. Nagaraja S, Ahmed SS, Bharathi DR, Goudanavar P, Rupesh KM, Fattepur S, et al. Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles of psidium guajava leaf extract and evaluation for its antidiabetic activity. molecules. 2022;27(14):4336. doi:10.3390/molecules27144336
  14. Li B, Wang H, Zhou G, et al. VEGF-loaded biomimetic scaffolds: a promising approach to improve angiogenesis and osteogenesis in an ischemic environment. RSC Adv. 2017;7(8):4253–9. doi:10.1039/C6RA25294J
  15. Guo L, Jiang F, Tang YT, Si MY, Jiao XY. The association of serum vascular endothelial growth factor and ferritin in diabetic microvascular disease. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2014;16(4):224–34. doi:10.1089/dia.2013.0181
  16. Worotikan R V., Tuju EA, Kawuwung F. Analisa efektivitas antidiabetes ekstrak etanol buah andaliman (zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) pada histopatologi ginjal tikus putih (rattus norvergicus) yang diinduksi alloksan [analysis of antidiabetic effectiveness of lemon pepper fruit (zanthoxylum aca. J Sains Mat Edukasi. 2017;5(1):29–37.
  17. Alotaibi MR, Fatani AJ, Almnaizel AT, Ahmed MM, Abuohashish HM, Al-Rejaie SS. In vivo assessment of combined effects of glibenclamide and losartan in diabetic Rats. Med Princ Pract. 2019;28(2):178–85. doi:10.1159/000496104
  18. Chen S, Ziyadeh FN. Vascular endothelial growth factor and diabetic nephropathy. Curr Diab Rep. 2008;8(6):470–6. doi:10.1007/s11892-008-0081-3
  19. Gnudi L, Long DA. Diabetic nephropathy: methods and protocols. Springer; 2020.
  20. Chyla G, Slaaga-Zaleska K, Dabkowski K, Kuchta A, Jankowski M. Suramin Enhances the Urinary Excretion of VEGF-A in Normoglycemic and Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Pharmacol Reportd. 2021;73:841–6.
  21. Gulo KN, Suhartomi, Saragih AD, Raif MA, Ikhtiari R. Antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds in ethanol and ethyl acetate extract from citrus sinensis. In: AIMS 2021-International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems. IEEE; 2021:1–6. doi:10.1109/AIMS52415.2021.9466078
  22. Ahmed OM, Fahim HI, Ahmed HY, et al. The preventive effects and the mechanisms of action of navel orange peel hydroethanolic extract, naringin, and naringenin in n-acetyl-p-aminophenol-induced liver injury in wistar rats. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:1–19. doi:10.1155/2019/2745352




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v56.3496

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 152 times
PDF - 67 times

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


 


Creative Commons License
MKB is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

 


View My Stats