Comparison of Several Indonesian Medicinal Plants Effects on LDL-C and IL-6 Levels in Wistar Rats After High Fat Feeding

Penny Setyawati Martioso, Diana Krisanti Jasaputra, Julia Windi Gunadi, Ronny Lesmana, Pinkan Al Shabrina

Abstract


High-fat diet habits lead to an increase in LDL-C levels that eventually influence the atherosclerotic plaque formation and progression, causing coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that releases various pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6. Indonesians often use medicinal plants to decrease cholesterol levels. This study aimed to compare the LDL-C and IL-6 levels after treatments of ethanol extracts from Java ginger (EEJG), turmeric (EET), garlic (EEG), and pomegranate flowers (EEPF) in a hypercholesterolemia animal model. This study was conducted at the Maranatha Biomedical Research Laboratory from June–December 2020. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups (n=5 per group) and received high-fat feeding and 0.01% propylthiouracil. The following treatments were given for 28 days: oral carboxymethylcellulose 1% for negative control; 35 mg/200g of oral  EEJG, EET, EEG, EEPF for respective treatment groups (n=5 groups); and 0.36 mg/200 g of oral Rosuvastatin for positive control. It was demonstrated that the mean  LDL-C levels were 65.75 mg/dL, 55.25 mg/dL, 56.75 mg/dL, and 59.60 mg/dL for EEJG, EET, EEG, EEPF groups, respectively, which were significantly different from that of the negative control (81.73 mg/dL). The IL-6 levels of the EEJG (27.55 pg./mL) and EEG (27.54 pg./mL) group were significantly different from the EEPF group (24.5 pg./mL) but not significantly different from the negative control (25.58 pg./mL), EET (25.60 pg./mL), and rosuvastatin (26.09 pg./mL) groups. The administration of ethanol extracts of Java ginger, turmeric, garlic, and pomegranate flower decreases the C-LDL levels; however, only the ethanol extract of pomegranate flowers administered for 28 days decreases the IL-6 levels of Wistar rat hypercholesterolemia model, albeit insignificantly.

Keywords


Garlic, Java ginger, high-fat feeding, IL-6, pomegranate flowers, turmeric

Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. Tanaka T, Narazaki M, Kishimoto T. IL-6 in Inflammation, immunity, and disease. 2014;6(Kishimoto 1989):1–16.
  2. Said EA, Al-Reesi I, Al-Shizawi N, Jaju S, Al-Balushi MS, Koh CY, et al. Defining IL-6 levels in healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. J Med Virol. 2021;93(6):3915–24.
  3. Oishi JC, Castro CA, Silva KA, Fabricio V, Cárnio EC, Phillips SA, et al. Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation precedes elevations in blood pressure induced by a high-fat diet. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2018;110(6):558–67.
  4. Sukadana IM, Santi SR. The effect of antioxidant compounds in ethanol extract Inocarpus fagiferus fosb seed to expression TNF-α and IL-6 liver cells in hypercholesterolemia wistar rat. J Pharm Sci Res. 2017;9(5):690–4.
  5. Arozal W, Louisa M, Soetikno V. Selected indonesian medicinal plants for the management of metabolic syndrome: molecular basis and recent studies. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2020;7:82.
  6. Rahmat E, Lee J, Kang Y. Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.): ethnobotany, phytochemistry, biotechnology, and pharmacological activities. Zarrelli A, editor. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 2021;2021:9960813.
  7. Maithilikarpagaselvi N, Sridhar MG, Swaminathan RP, Sripradha R, Badhe B. Curcumin inhibits hyperlipidemia and hepatic fat accumulation in high-fructose-fed male Wistar rats. Pharm Biol. 2016;54(12):2857–63.
  8. Arreola R, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, Flores-Gutiérrez EO, Reyes-Grajeda JP, Carrera-Quintanar L, et al. Immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of garlic compounds. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:401630.
  9. G P S, Thomas S, K S, Sankar P, Bobby Z. Study the effect of s-methyl L-cysteine on lipid metabolism in an experimental model of diet induced obesity. J Clin Diagn Res. 2013;7(11):2449–51.
  10. Khomich LM, Perova IB, Eller KI. [Pomegranate juice nutritional profile]. Vopr Pitan. 2019;88(5):80–92.
  11. Harzallah A, Hammami M, Kępczyńska MA, Hislop DC, Arch JRS, Cawthorne MA, et al. Comparison of potential preventive effects of pomegranate flower, peel and seed oil on insulin resistance and inflammation in high-fat and high-sucrose diet-induced obesity mice model. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2016;122(2):75–87.
  12. Oluwafemi AG, Ajayi OB, Aluko BT. Defensive potential and deleterious impact of turmeric (Curcuma longa) L rhizome powder supplemented diet on antioxidant status of indomethacin-induced ulcerated wistar rats. J Food Biochem. 2022 Jan;46(1):e14019.
  13. Okada Y, Yamaguchi K, Nakajima T, Nishikawa T, Jo M, Mitsumoto Y, et al. Rosuvastatin ameliorates high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in rats. Liver Int Off J Int Assoc Study Liver. 2013;33(2):301–11.
  14. Huajing K, Florenly F, Ginting JB, Fioni F. Anti-Dislipidemia effectiveness test of turmeric ethanol extract (curcuma longa) in male wistar mice given propylthiouracil (PTU). Budapest Int Res Exact Sci J. 2021;4(1):43–56.
  15. Tyrrell DJ, Goldstein DR. Ageing and atherosclerosis: vascular intrinsic and extrinsic factors and potential role of IL-6. Nat Rev Cardiol [Internet]. 2021;18(1):58–68.
  16. Rea IM, Gibson DS, McGilligan V, McNerlan SE, Alexander HD, Ross OA. Age and age-related diseases: role of inflammation triggers and cytokines. Front Immunol. 2018;9:586.
  17. Chen L, Deng H, Cui H, Fang J, Zuo Z, Deng J, et al. Inflammatory responses and inflammation-associated diseases in organs. Oncotarget. 2018;9(6):7204–18.
  18. Ansar W, Ghosh S. Inflammation and inflammatory diseases, markers, and mediators: role of crp in some inflammatory diseases. Biology of C Reactive Protein in Health and Disease. 2016. p. 67–107.
  19. Amin MN, Siddiqui SA, Ibrahim M, Hakim ML, Ahammed MS, Kabir A, et al. Inflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and cancer. SAGE Open Med. 2020;8:205031212096575.
  20. Duan Y, Zeng L, Zheng C, Song B, Li F, Kong X, et al. Inflammatory links between high fat diets and diseases. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2649.
  21. Guillemot-Legris O, Masquelier J, Everard A, Cani PD, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. High-fat diet feeding differentially affects the development of inflammation in the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation. 2016;13(1):206.
  22. Bleau C, Karelis AD, St-Pierre DH, Lamontagne L. Crosstalk between intestinal microbiota, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle as an early event in systemic low-grade inflammation and the development of obesity and diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2015;31(6):545–61.
  23. Mustika M, Rivai H, Muna N, Voenna Z, Harnisah. Traditional medicines prescription and the potential of original Indonesian herbs as natural immunomodulators. Int J Pharm Sci Med. 2021;6:14–20.
  24. Hou C, Zhang W, Li J, Du L, Lv O, Zhao S, et al. Beneficial effects of pomegranate on lipid metabolism in metabolic disorders. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2019;63(16):e1800773.
  25. 25. Jain SK, Rains J, Croad J, Larson B, Jones K. Curcumin supplementation lowers TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion in high glucose-treated cultured monocytes and blood levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, MCP-1, glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2009;11(2):241–9.
  26. Quintero-Fabián S, Ortuño-Sahagún D, Vázquez-Carrera M, López-Roa RI. Alliin, a garlic (Allium sativum) compound, prevents LPS-induced inflammation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mediators Inflamm. 2013;2013:381815.
  27. Elosta A, Slevin M, Rahman K, Ahmed N. Aged garlic has more potent antiglycation and antioxidant properties compared to fresh garlic extract in vitro. Sci Rep. 2017;7:39613.
  28. Neyrinck AM, Van Hée VF, Bindels LB, De Backer F, Cani PD, Delzenne NM. Polyphenol-rich extract of pomegranate peel alleviates tissue inflammation and hypercholesterolaemia in high-fat diet-induced obese mice: potential implication of the gut microbiota. Br J Nutr. 2012/06/07. 2013;109(5):802–9.


Article Metrics

Abstract view : 407 times
PDF - 294 times

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.


 


Creative Commons License
MKB is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

 


View My Stats