Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Ensefalitis Autoimun Antibodi-Negatif di ICU
Abstract
Ensefalitis autoimun merupakan penyebab utama ensefalitis non-infeksi. Kasus ensefalitis autoimun antibodi-negatif yang dicurigai secara klinis sulit dikonfirmasi. Pada kasus ini dihadapkan pasien laki-laki 27 tahun dirawat dengan demam, penurunan kesadaran, kejang. dan perubahan perilaku sejak 1 bulan yang lalu. Gambaran EEG menunjukkan gelombang epileptiform. Pemeriksaan LCS tidak menunjukkan tanda-tanda infeksi. Pencitraan CT-Scan tidak menunjukkan gambaran khas ensefalitis. Pemeriksaan imunologis IgG dan IgM HSV non-reaktif. Pemeriksaan anti-NMDAR didapatkan hasil negatif. Pasien dirawat di ICU dengan ventilasi mekanik, disertai pemberian midazolam dan levitiracetam sebagai sedasi dan pengontrol kejang. Acyclovir diberikan sesuai pedoman tatalaksana ensefalitis selama 10 hari namun tidak menunjukkan perbaikan klinis. Setelah pemberian kortikosteroid, pasien tidak menunjukkan perbaikan neurologis. Pengobatan dilanjutkan dengan rituximab setiap minggu selama 2 minggu. Pada pemberian minggu pertama pasien menunjukkan perbaikan status neurologis dengan pemulihan derajat kesadaran. Laporan kasus ini mempertimbangkan penegakan diagnosis ensefalitis autoimun antibodi-negatif berdasarkan tanda klinis dan setelah menyingkirkan kemungkinan etiologi lain. Rituximab memainkan peran penting dalam mengendalikan efek merugikan dari ensefalitis autoimun. Di samping itu, ensefalitis autoimun mungkin memerlukan tindak lanjut rutin untuk mengevaluasi adanya gejala atau penyakit lain yang dapat mengubah strategi tatalaksana.
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.15851/jap.v12n2.3765
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