Objective: To analyze the risk factors for mortality and comorbidity of COVID-19 patients in a public health center work area in Indonesia.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational analytic quantitative study using secondary data of 820 confirmed COVID-19 cases in Brebes Public Health Center work area during the period of June 2020–December 2021. Univariate and bivariate analyses were used to analyze the obtained data statistically with a p-value of <0.005 considered significant.
Results: Of the 820 confirmed COVID-19 patients, 85.1% recovered and 15.0% died. Analysis on the characteristics of these cases showed that 51.2% females and 48.8 % males were included in this study, with 77.6% of them were <60 years old. No history of comorbidities was identified in 92.1% of the cases. In remaining cases with comorbidities, Diabetes Mellitus was recognized as the most prevalent (n=39, 4.8%). Results of the Chi-Square test demonstrated that comorbidity status (p-value = 0.001), place of quarantine (p p=0.000 p>0.05), and diabetes (p=0.000, OR=2.87, 95% CI 19 1.24-0280) were significantly associated with mortality.
Conclusion: Comorbidity status, diabetes, and the place quarantine are risk factors for mortality among COVID-19 confirmed cases, especially in Brebes Public Health Center work area. Thus, it is important to increase knowledge about COVID-19 prevention and risks to prevent transmission among those with higher risks for mortality. Further studies on factors related to sustainable supports for COVID-19 patients are also necessary.
Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10(2):102–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.001
WHO. WHO COVID-19 Dashboard [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2022. Available from: https://covid19.who.int/
BBC. Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic by World Health Organization - BBC News. 2020.
Brebes District Health Office. COVID-19 Case Data. Brebes: Brebes District Health Office; 2022.
Destylya D. Karakteristik Pasien Covid-19 Di Rumah SakitUmum Pusat Haji Adam Malik MedanSumatera Utara. 2021;
COVID-19 incidence and mortality in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patints., et al. COVID-19 incidence and mortality in non-dialysis chronic kidney disease patints. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0254525. Published 2021 Jul 9. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254525
Johnson KD, Harris C, Cain JK, Hummer C, Goyal H, Perisetti A. Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:526. doi:10.3389/fmed.2020.00526
Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. Mortality-related risk factors of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 42 studies and 423,117 patients. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1). doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06536-3
Djaharuddin I, Munawwarah S, Nurulita A, Ilyas M, Ahmad N. Comorbidities and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Gac Sanit. 2021;35(S2):S530–2. doi:10.1016/j.gaceta. 2021.10.085
Ndera ML, Supriyatni N, Rahayu A. Faktor komorbid terhadap covid-19 di Puskesmas Kota Tahun 2020. J BIOSAINSTEK. 2021;3(2):1–9. doi: https://doi.org/10.52046/biosainstek.v3i2.723
Radwan NM, Mahmoud NE, Alfaifi AH, Alabdulkareem KI. Comorbidities and severity of coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Saudi Med J. 2020;41(11):1165–74. doi:10.15537/smj.2020.11.25454
Ssentongo P, Ssentongo AE, Heilbrunn ES, Ba DM, Chinchilli VM. Association of cardiovascular disease and 10 other pre-existing comorbidities with COVID-19 mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0238215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238215
Nishiga M, Wang DW, Han Y, Lewis DB, Wu JC. COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(9):543-558. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0413-9
N Lestari, I Burhannudin. Diabetes melitus sebagai faktor risiko keparahan dan kematian pasien covid-19: meta-analisis. Biomedika. 2021;13(1):83–94. doi: 10.23917/biomedika.v13i1.13544
Galvão Tessaro FH, Ayala TS, Bella LM, Martins JO. Macrophages from a type 1 diabetes mouse model present dysregulated Pl3K/AKT, ERK 1/2 and SAPK/JNK levels. Immunobiology. 2020;225(2):151879. doi:10.1016/j.imbio. 2019.11.014
Sugawara E, Nikaido H. Properties of AdeABC and AdeIJK efflux systems of Acinetobacter baumannii compared with those of the AcrAB-TolC system of Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(12):7250–7. doi:10.1128/AAC.03728-14
Rifiana AJ, Suharyanto T. Hubungan diabetes mellitus dan hipertensi dengan kejadian corona virus deases-19 (Covid-19) di Wisma Atlit Jakarta Tahun 2020. Univ Nas. 2020;19:1–15.
Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, Zhi L, Wang X, Liu L, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531–8. doi:10.1007/s00392-020-01626-9
Firdaus I, Sukmawan R, Anwar Santoso DAJ, Firman D, Akbar N. Panduan diagnosis dan tatalaksana penyakit kardiovaskular pada pandemi covid-19. In: Perhimpunan Dokter Spesialis Kardiovaskular Indonesia. 2020.
Kisid K, Putri EBA. Kejadian Covid-19 berdasarkan karakteristik pengunjung Poli ISPA Puskesmas Perampuan Lombok Barat. J Penelit dan Kaji Ilm. 2021;7(2):169–75. doi: https://doi.org/10.33651/jpkik.v7i2.276
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475–81. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30079-5
Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259–60. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5
Xiong TY, Redwood S, Prendergast B, Chen M. Coronaviruses and the cardiovascular system: Acute and long-term implications. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1798–800. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa231
Winugroho T, Imansyah M, Bangun E, Apriyadi RK, Hidayat A. Analisis pengaruh faktor demografi terhadap lama karantina pada perawat terpapar Covid-19 di Jawa Tengah. PENDIPA J Sci Educ. 2021;5(2):229–36. https://doi.org/10.33369/pendipa.5.2.229-236
Wang D, Yin Y, Hu C, Liu X, Zhang X, Zhou S, et al. Clinical course and outcome of 107 patients infected with the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, discharged from two hospitals in Wuhan, China. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/s13054-020-02895-6
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Interim US Guidance for Risk Assessment and Public Health Management of Persons with Potential 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Exposure in Travel-associated or Community Settings. Centers Dis Control Prev. 2020;2019:1–8.
Han Y, Yang H. The transmission and diagnosis of 2019 novel coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19): A Chinese perspective. J Med Virol. 2020;92(6):639–44. doi:10.1002/jmv.25749
Shen Y, Li C, Dong H, Wang Z, Martinez L, Sun Z, et al. Community outbreak investigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission among bus riders in Eastern China. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(12):1665–71. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.5225