Determinant of Hypertension among Adults in West Java, Indonesia: Analysis of National Basic Health Research Data 2018

Jannatin Karlen, Afiat Berbudi, Kurnia Wahyudi

Abstract


Background: Hypertension is a serious health problem worldwide. Many studies on the determinants of hypertension have been done, however studies in West Java are still very minimal. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for hypertension among adults in West Java, Indonesia.

Methods: This study used a cross-sectional method with a quantitative approach using secondary data from the National Basic Health Research 2018. The final number of individuals sampled was 46,186 people. Data analysis was performed using simple logistic regression and multiple logistic regression methods.

Results: The mean age of the sample was 42.97 years (SD=15.37), and females were the predominant (52.95%). The majority of samples consumed sweet beverages (31.06%) and salty foods more than once a day (29.22%), did not smoke (59.17%), had a normal body mass index (BMI) (53.78 %), and had experienced gum disease and dental problems in the last year (56.75 %). Physical activity in metabolic equivalent task (MET) minute was 5,917.79. There was a significant positive association between age and hypertension, with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.06 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.05–1.06. Furthermore, the analysis found a significant negative correlation between physical activity and hypertension, with an OR of 0.999 and a 95% CI of 0.9999874–0.9999962.

Conclusions: Hypertension is significantly associated with age, whereas physical exercise is negatively associated. Priority should be given to elderly individuals and people with a high BMI for interventions such as routine blood pressure monitoring and education.


Keywords


Determinants of hypertension, hypertension, risk factors of hypertension

Full Text:

PDF

References


  1. Lilly LS. Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty. 6th Ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2015. p. 310–33.
  2. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–104.
  3. Lim SS, Vos T, Flaxman AD, Danaei G, Shibuya K, Adair-Rohani H, et al. A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012;380(9859):2224–60.
  4. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in blood pressure from 1975 to 2015: a pooled analysis of 1479 population-based measurement studies with 19.1 million participants. Lancet. 2017;389(10064):37–55.
  5. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kementerian Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan riset kesehatan dasar 2018. Jakarta: Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2019.
  6. Badan Pusat Statistik. Hasil sensus penduduk 2020. Jakarta: Kementerian Dalam Negri Republik Indonesia; 2021.
  7. World Health Organization. Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health Cluster. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2005 [cited 2022 Apr 23]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/43376.
  8. Buford TW. Hypertension and aging. Ageing Res Rev. 2016;26:96–111.
  9. Battistoni A, Michielon A, Marino G, Savoia C. Vascular aging and central aortic blood pressure: from pathophysiology to treatment. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev. 2020;27(4):299–308.
  10. Inder JD, Carlson DJ, Dieberg G, McFarlane JR, Hess NC, Smart NA. Isometric exercise training for blood pressure management: a systematic review and meta-analysis to optimize benefit. Hypertens Res. 2016;39(2):88–94.
  11. MacDonald HV, Johnson BT, Huedo-Medina TB, Livingston J, Forsyth KC, Kraemer WJ, et al. Dynamic resistance training as stand-alone antihypertensive lifestyle therapy: a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5(10):e003231.
  12. Cao L, Li X, Yan P, Wang X, Li M, Li R, et al. The effectiveness of aerobic exercise for hypertensive population: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Hypertens. 2019;21(7):868–76.
  13. Keating SE, Coombes JS, Stowasser M, Bailey TG. The Role of exercise in patients with obesity and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22(10):77.
  14. Shihab HM, Meoni LA, Chu AY, Wang NY, Ford DE, Liang KY, et al. Body mass index and risk of incident hypertension over the life course. Circulation. 2012;126(25):2983–9.
  15. Shariq OA, McKenzie TJ. Obesity-related hypertension: a review of pathophysiology, management, and the role of metabolic surgery. Gland Surg. 2020;9(1):803–93.
  16. Huang L, Trieu K, Yoshimura S, Neal B, Woodward M, Campbell NRC, et al. Effect of dose and duration of reduction in dietary sodium on blood pressure levels: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2020 24;368:m315.
  17. Qin P, Li Q, Zhao Y, Chen Q, Sun X, Liu Y, et al. Sugar and artificially sweetened beverages and risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and all-cause mortality: a dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2020;35(7):655–71.
  18. Te Morenga LA, Howatson AJ, Jones RM, Mann J. Dietary sugars and cardiometabolic risk: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of the effects on blood pressure and lipids. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;100(1):65–79.
  19. Sohn K. Relationship of smoking to hypertension in a developing country. Glob Heart. 2018;13(4):285–92.
  20. Dikalov S, Itani H, Richmond B, Arslanbaeva L, Vergeade A, Rahman SMJ, et al. Tobacco smoking induces cardiovascular mitochondrial oxidative stress, promotes endothelial dysfunction, and enhances hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;316(3):H639–46.
  21. Halperin RO, Michael Gaziano J, Sesso HD. Smoking and the risk of incident hypertension in middle-aged and older men. Am J Hypertens. 2008;21(2):148–52.
  22. Li G, Wang H, Wang K, Wang W, Dong F, Qian Y, et al. The association between smoking and blood pressure in men: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17:797.
  23. Liu X, Byrd JB. Cigarette smoking and subtypes of uncontrolled blood pressure among diagnosed hypertensive patients: paradoxical associations and implications. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30(6):602–9.
  24. Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M, Osmenda G, Siedlinski M, Nosalski R, Pelka P, Nowakowski D, et al. Causal association between periodontitis and hypertension: evidence from Mendelian randomization and a randomized controlled trial of non-surgical periodontal therapy. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(42):3459–70.
  25. Pietropaoli D, Del Pinto R, Ferri C, Wright JT, Giannoni M, Ortu E, et al. Poor oral health and blood pressure control among US hypertensive adults. Hypertension. 2018;72(6):1365–73.
  26. Muñoz Aguilera E, Suvan J, Orlandi M, Miró Catalina Q, Nart J, D’Aiuto F. Association between periodontitis and blood pressure highlighted in systemically healthy individuals. Hypertension. 2021;77(5):1765–74.
  27. Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics—2017 update: a report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603.
  28. Di Giosia P, Giorgini P, Stamerra CA, Petrarca M, Ferri C, Sahebkar A. Gender differences in epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of hypertension. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018;20(3):13.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v10n4.2826

Article Metrics

Abstract view : 258 times
PDF - 142 times


 This Journal indexed by

                  

          

 

Creative Commons License
AMJ is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License

 


View My Stats