Comparison of Cognitive Function between Intracerebral Haemorrhage Stroke Patients with and without Hypertensive Crisis

Mohammad Arianto Satrio Wicaksono; Cep Juli; Chandra Calista; Uni Gamayani; Aih Cahyani; Paulus Anam Ong

doi:10.15850/amj.v9n1.2368

Comparison of Cognitive Function between Intracerebral Haemorrhage Stroke Patients with and without Hypertensive Crisis

Mohammad Arianto Satrio Wicaksono, Cep Juli, Chandra Calista, Uni Gamayani, Aih Cahyani, Paulus Anam Ong

Abstract

Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) stroke is characterized by neurological dysfunction, caused by focal collection of blood within the brain parenchyma or ventricular system that is not caused by trauma. Hypertension is one of the main risk factors for intracerebral haemorrhage. Hypertensive crisis, which is a more severe type of uncontrolled hypertension may aggravate the cognitive outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare cognitive function between intracerebral haemorrhage stroke patients with and without hypertensive crisis.

Methods: This study was a retrospective comparative analytic study, combined with a case-control study from August to November 2020. All medical records of patients with intracerebral haemorrhage, who were admitted to Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2019, were collected. The total score of mini-mental state examination (MMSE) which was recorded in the medical record was taken and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney test. The MMSE was conducted on the day of discharge, and the minimum education level of the patients was elementary school.

Results: We found a total of 109 medical records with ICH, 67 of which were with hypertensive crisis. The median MMSE score in the hypertensive crisis group was slightly higher than in the non-hypertensive crisis group. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in MMSE scores between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis (p-value=0.439).

Conclusion: There is no difference in cognitive function between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis. Further study is of great value to explore the relation between intracerebral haemorrhage patients with and without hypertensive crisis.

Keywords

Cognitive function, hypertensive crisis, intracerebral haemorrhage

Full Text:

PDF

References

Sacco RL, Kasner SE, Broderick JP, Caplan LR, Connors JJ, Culebras A, et al. An updated definition of stroke for the 21st century: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2013;44(7):2064–89.

Parmar P. Stroke: classification and diagnosis. Pharmaceutical J [Online Journal] 2018. [Cited 2021 July 15]. Available from: https://pharmaceutical-journal.com/article/ld/stroke-classification-and-diagnosis

Ikram MA, Wieberdink RG, Koudstaal PJ. International epidemiology of intracerebral hemorrhage. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2012;14(4):300–6.

Biffi A, Bailey D, Anderson CD, Ayres AM, Gurol EM, Greenberg SM, et al. Risk factors associated with early vs delayed dementia after intracerebral hemorrhage. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(8):969–76.

An SJ, Kim TJ, Yoon BW. Epidemiology, risk factors, and clinical features of intracerebral hemorrhage: an update. J Stroke. 2017;19(1):3–10.

Alshami A, Romero C, Avila A, Varon J. Management of hypertensive crises in the elderly. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2018;15(7):504–12.

Suneja M, Sanders ML. Hypertensive emergency. Med Clin North Am. 2017;101(3):465–78.

Myrberg K, Hydén LC, Samuelsson C. The mini-mental state examination (MMSE) from a language perspective: an analysis of test interaction. Clin Linguist Phon. 2020;34(7):652–70.

Kumar S. Hypertension and hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertens J. 2017;3(2):89–93.

Lofissa SP, Ong PA, Atik N. Demographic and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage stroke patients in Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung in 2007–2016. Althea Med J. 2018;5(1):32–7.

Boehme AK, Esenwa C, Elkind MSV. Stroke risk factors, genetics, and prevention. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):472–95.

Poon MTC, Bell SM, Salman RA. Epidemiology of intracerebral haemorrhage. Front Neurol Neurosci. 2015;37:1–12.

Benedictus MR, Hochart A, Rossi C, Boulouis G, Hénon H, Van Der Flier WM, et al. Prognostic factors for cognitive decline after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015;46(10):2773–8.

Danovska M, Peychinska D. Post-stroke cognitive impairment–phenomenology and prognostic factors. J IMAB Annual Proceeding Scientific Paper. 2012;18:290–7.

Sagnier S, Munsch F, Bigourdan A, Debruxelles S, Poli M, Renou P, et al. The influence of stroke location on cognitive and mood impairment. A Voxel-Based Lesion-Symptom Mapping Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2019;28(5):1236–42.

Rockwood MRH, Howlett SE. Blood pressure in relation to age and frailty. Can Geriatr J. 2011;14(1):2–7.

Qureshi AI. The importance of acute hypertensive response in ICH. Stroke. 2013;44(6 Suppl 1):S67–9

Chen X, Duan L, Han Y, Tian L, Dai Q, Wang S, et al. Predictors for vascular cognitive impairment in stroke patients. BMC Neurol. 2016;16:1–15.

Muela HCS, Costa-Hong VA, Yassuda MS, Moraes NC, Memória CM, Machado MF, et al. Hypertension severity is associated with impaired cognitive performance. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6(1):e1004579.

Power MC, Tchetgen Tchetgen EJ, Sparrow D, Schwartz J, Weisskopf MG. Blood pressure and cognition: factors that may account for their inconsistent association. Epidemiology. 2013;24(6):886–93.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15850/amj.v9n1.2368